tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13294493517445155182024-03-13T05:22:43.797-07:00Wired n WirelessCommunicate .. Discuss and GrowSantosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.comBlogger139125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-65455355094708431092013-05-18T14:13:00.000-07:002013-05-18T14:14:20.977-07:00OpenFlow, GRE and VxLan Pcaps, Amazon EC2 BOTO (Python API)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
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UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
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</xml><![endif]-->Here are pcaps from the little experiment we did.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><br />
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<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
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mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
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mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
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line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
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<![endif]-->
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
OpenFlow Pcap – 192.168.2.4 is OVS and 192.168.2.14 is OVS
Controller </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Download <a href="http://code.google.com/p/s11interface/downloads/detail?name=openflow.pcap&can=2&q=" target="_blank">here</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3jHHrpRfabDH98eYVr6QLP5miTQmkf24x8Z3SVN3lZkxzVOBeTvuzaElmMBaXHRS49NS3h9OrAlSYVU2rFf7oTFiFF5RbsR0rSyEaqWA670yhilAeTAUdImVWduiQuNOoYATJDmJrG3w/s1600/openflow.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3jHHrpRfabDH98eYVr6QLP5miTQmkf24x8Z3SVN3lZkxzVOBeTvuzaElmMBaXHRS49NS3h9OrAlSYVU2rFf7oTFiFF5RbsR0rSyEaqWA670yhilAeTAUdImVWduiQuNOoYATJDmJrG3w/s640/openflow.png" width="640" />\</a></div>
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<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
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<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
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</xml><![endif]--> <br />
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GRE Pcap - Download <a href="http://code.google.com/p/s11interface/downloads/detail?name=gre.pcap&can=2&q=" target="_blank">here </a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3IrvMx0Q55dKpcoukPecckrL77udQaH657oOQgXsyMyAZEDqrYfFeo2E3qmND3XGZ2PQQu8hiyncNZZZ69DMthvys6sS667J3BesnsoN2YCw1C3EBu-aTJ75SUCkHweWA6ICLAC3HPlg/s1600/gre.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3IrvMx0Q55dKpcoukPecckrL77udQaH657oOQgXsyMyAZEDqrYfFeo2E3qmND3XGZ2PQQu8hiyncNZZZ69DMthvys6sS667J3BesnsoN2YCw1C3EBu-aTJ75SUCkHweWA6ICLAC3HPlg/s640/gre.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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VxLan Pcap - Open file in wireshark and "Decode As -> VxLan" Download <a href="http://code.google.com/p/s11interface/downloads/detail?name=vxlan.pcap&can=2&q=" target="_blank">here</a><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfjLpCUthyuOgumo5dEIPZliVtVmZaXq6VIKV_R8sJs3LAZ1-EOl5I72paBNW7HEfhsYdemZCtZPCEQKnuQsH6Pu_xzdFojA8NhH15YE4OmRAvpQjR29XBL3csf50391_lFmGDqSWVZmc/s1600/vxlan.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfjLpCUthyuOgumo5dEIPZliVtVmZaXq6VIKV_R8sJs3LAZ1-EOl5I72paBNW7HEfhsYdemZCtZPCEQKnuQsH6Pu_xzdFojA8NhH15YE4OmRAvpQjR29XBL3csf50391_lFmGDqSWVZmc/s640/vxlan.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></div>
<br />
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<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
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<style>
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table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
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mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
I have Amazon EC2 running <a href="https://owncloud.org/" target="_blank">OwnCloud </a>software over Ubuntu.
Amazon provides a Python based API, BOTO, to control the EC2 instances. Here is
the code snipped to fish some info about your instance. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
BOTO API - <a href="http://boto.cloudhackers.com/en/latest/">http://boto.cloudhackers.com/en/latest/</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
BOTO GITHUB - <a href="https://github.com/boto/boto">https://github.com/boto/boto</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<Code Begin> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
#!/usr/bin/python<br />
<br />
import boto.ec2<br />
import re<br />
import sys<br />
<br />
def main():<br />
conn = boto.ec2.connect_to_region("ec2_location", aws_access_key_id='your_aws_key', aws_secret_access_key='your_aws_secrete')<br />
if conn:<br />
print "Connected to --->", re.split(':', str(conn))[1]<br />
else:<br />
print "Connection failed"<br />
sys.exit(2)<br />
<br />
reservations = conn.get_all_instances()<br />
print reservations,'\n'<br />
for i in range(0, len(reservations)):<br />
instance = reservations[i].instances<br />
print "Instance Name --->", instance[0]<br />
for x in range(0, len(instance)):<br />
print "Instance Type --->", instance[x].instance_type<br />
print "Instance Placement --->", instance[x].placement<br />
print "Instance ID --->", instance[x].id<br />
print "Instance State --->", instance[x].state<br />
print "Instance Public IP Address --->", instance[x].ip_address<br />
print "Instance Hyervisor --->", instance[x].hypervisor<br />
print "\n"<br />
<br />
if __name__ == '__main__':<br />
main() </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<Code End></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
</div>
Santosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-34906643827592016192013-05-13T21:18:00.000-07:002013-05-13T21:18:56.457-07:00L2 network over L3 Networks - Xen, Openvswitch & Vyatta<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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</xml><![endif]-->I had been in hibernation while embracing the virtualization
trend. In order to understand things better me and my friend designed a little
experiment. We had a requirement to fulfill!<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Requirement was –<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>On demand connectivity to home network from outside
world.<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></li>
<li>Always on connectivity between 2 sites
geographically apart</li>
<li>Connectivity between application virtual
machines across 2 sites. There are 2 applications, which run on different
operating systems, which are in different networks.<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></li>
<li>Minimum cost</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYIwPAbYPLrIc3TXSxXYZkTEmskRU7Zt9Up-MUGhI0t8BBHtnOnn-03MjQd5-vtPShsVioa_bXty2ukf69F52I3awp_0iN5qQ7rN_PMCsFYCeQXF-tnn8kAZ1n4PC9dIGAWyQJN1qOhko/s1600/networks(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYIwPAbYPLrIc3TXSxXYZkTEmskRU7Zt9Up-MUGhI0t8BBHtnOnn-03MjQd5-vtPShsVioa_bXty2ukf69F52I3awp_0iN5qQ7rN_PMCsFYCeQXF-tnn8kAZ1n4PC9dIGAWyQJN1qOhko/s640/networks(1).jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
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</xml><![endif]-->We picked few tools to solve this problem -<br />
<br />
- A decent tower PC with reasonable hardware, i3 dual core processor with virtualization support, few gigs of RAM, harddisk and 1 ethernet card. <br />
- Xen hypervisor running on top of Ubuntu Server. <br />
- Openvswitch on Xen hypervisor to emulate switch environment. <br />
- Vyatta - A network operating system for doing NAT, IPSec and routing. <br />
- Few sleepless nights.<br />
<br />
I installed Ubuntu server on the PC. Then installed Xen hypervisor
over it. Xen provides environment to create, start and stop virtual machines. Note
that Xen is a bare metal hypervisor, which means it can run directly over a given
hardware without the need of an operating system. However installing Xen over Ubuntu
server gave a better control.<br />
<br />
Next step was to install Openvswitch. Openvswitch is a
virtual switch that controls the network functions of virtual machines. I
picked up the latest version of Openvswitch. Thanks to Nicira for providing
VxLan support in openvswitch. I had only 1 NIC card, but I needed 2 different networks. So I
created 2 dummy bridges, along with 1 bridge attached to eth interface of
hypervisor ubuntu machine.<br />
<br />
Untill now I have a PC, running ubuntu server, with Xen
hypervisor and openvswitch installed. The base was set. Time to spin some VM’s!</div>
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</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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I brought up the Vyatta VM. Once the VM was up it had 3
network interfaces. 1 network interface used for management (tied to xen bridge which in turn was tied to eth1 of hypervisor), other 2 for applications (tied to 2 dummy bridges). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then I created another linux VM. Even the
linux VM has 3 networks interfaces, 1 for management and other for
applications.<br />
<br />
The below picture shows the OVS config on my box. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So eth1 on linux VM, eth1 on Vyatta VM and
xenbr1 were able to ping each other. Similarly eth2 on linux VM, eth2 on Vyatta
VM<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]-->and gre-group bridge were able to
ping other. Similarly eth3 on linux VM, eth3 on vyatta vm and vx-lan group were
able to ping each other. This means there are three different switches
with hosts connected to them.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2p0EhUrol79nmBsmQbu2gvDFL6jRHgjQ8qx1LH7cQ3YCZrW-sBZuHvArr68OJXmz8hsMMCLjsh3RQqYm7DWCFlaGWSMNwr4v7VqmemqTvGN8uDzRrgzOh7IICsPrmoXWMXNYDFhpA-0E/s1600/ovs(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2p0EhUrol79nmBsmQbu2gvDFL6jRHgjQ8qx1LH7cQ3YCZrW-sBZuHvArr68OJXmz8hsMMCLjsh3RQqYm7DWCFlaGWSMNwr4v7VqmemqTvGN8uDzRrgzOh7IICsPrmoXWMXNYDFhpA-0E/s400/ovs(2).jpg" width="286" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
After that, we configured Vytatta for IPSec. We both had
public IP’s from service provider, so IP sec wasn’t a problem. We had to
exchange the remote and local endpoints in the IPSec, his remote endpoints were
192.168.200.0/24 & 192.168.202.0/24. The dummy brides on my side were given
IP addresses and remote GRE/VxLan end points were configured so as to spawn the L2 network over different geographies/locations. However note that there is only 1 physical link
coming out of the box. So the IPSec was configured on Xen Bridge, routes were configured on hypervisor to point to Vyatta VM. <br />
<br />
My friend created a similar setup at his end.
Once everything was done, the IPSec tunnel was Up. If I ping, from eth2 of linux VM on my setup, eth2 of linux vm on remote setup, I see that ping packet goes out of VM to hypervisor, hypervisor encapsulates it in GRE tunnel and sends it to Vyatta VM, Vyatta VM encapsulates the packet in IPSec tunnel and sends it remote end point. The packet is de-capsulated in reverse order at remote site. Same is the case for VMs eth interfaces hosted on VxLan group.<br />
<br />
This shows that an Virtual L2 network, in different geographic locations, can be spawned over L3 network. So,<br />
<br />
- I have a home router that I can connect to from any where. I run another IPSec instance to which I connect to when I am connected to un-protected wifi network. <br />
- Site to site IPSec ready between 2 sites.<br />
- VMs in my network can talk to VM's in my friends network. Applications can now communicate. <br />
- All that costs is an cheap tower PC. Thank you Open Source. </div>
</div>
</div>
Santosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-61580568743550104282012-09-21T12:38:00.000-07:002012-09-21T12:38:14.479-07:00Ecosystems<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Last weekend I wanted to watch a movie. Not the latest in
theatres but a little older one. I have an Apple IPad, Google TV (Logitech device)
and Laptop running on Windows and of course a TV. Without thinking too much I went ahead and rented the movie from Amazon Instant Video service. Here starts the trouble.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For some reason Google TV decided not connect to the Wi-Fi
network. I tried fiddling (too many Wi-Fi networks around) with it but it was
too much pain, so I decided not to pursue further. I downloaded the Amazon app on IPad and I
could see my rental waiting. I play the movie and it streams fine on the 10
inch table. I wanted to watch it on a big screen, so I pull out HDMI cable from
Google TV and connect to IPad. And guess what I only hear sound on the TV, no
Video. I tried plugging in and plugging out couple of times but no luck.
However I could see/hear the video on tablet just fine. I did a Google search
and it seems Amazon App on IPad doesn’t allow the video to be played on TV. You
can just watch the video on tablet but not on TV. It was Amazon’s choice to not
support it. Common guys, seriously.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Finally I turn to the good old laptop. But to my dismay,
laptop doesn’t have an HDMI port. Well, that sucks. So I was left with gadgets
which don’t allow me to watch a darn movie. I dropped everything muddled around with
Google TV and got it working. I spent 30 mins to watch a 90 min movie. Better
option would have been to pick up the DVD from local store, could have been much faster. (In this technologically advance cloud era I thought DVD players were extinct, so never really bought one)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
This means, I have 4 large gadget makers or rather Ecosystems builders (Google, Apple,
Amazon and Windows) who doesn’t want to co-operate with each other and make consumers
life miserable. So much for technology! If you own everything from Google
Ecosystem things might work fine, if you have all Apple it must be great. But 1
device from Google and other from Apple doesn’t go very well. Lesson learnt! (Learnt few more lessons after upgrading to
IOS 6 , no YouTube, no Google Maps)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
On an aftermath, I realized things are not very different in
telecom world. One vendor makes it as difficult as possible for other vendor to
inter-op. Proprietary AVPs, out of
standard IEs, driving standards in favor of their implementations is very
common, leaving telecom operator in a tragedy. It’s all about power and
control. Not too different Roman Empire! </div>
</div>Santosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-7925557882077605692012-08-08T12:09:00.000-07:002012-08-08T12:12:44.130-07:00Mobile Packet Core – Cloud and Virtualization<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Off late there has been a lot of buzz around network virtualization.
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_Defined_Networking">Software
Define networks</a>, <a href="http://www.openflow.org/">Openflow</a>, <a href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-07-23/vmware-to-buy-nicira-for-1-05-billion-to-add-network-software.html">Nicira
acquisition by VMware</a>,<a href="http://www.informationweek.com/software/infrastructure/oracle-buys-xsigo-to-boost-cloud-prowess/240004558">
Xsigo acquisition by Oracle</a>, <a href="http://anyfi.net/">Wi-Fi
virtualization by AnyFi</a> are few instances.<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the similar lines I was wondering if mobile packet core
can be placed in cloud and whether EPC can run on virtual servers rather than on
custom built hardware. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As far as I know
there is quite some work going on in that direction in the industry. To
understand better I tried a little exercise to see if the idea is remotely
possible.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One of my colleagues has registered to <a href="http://aws.amazon.com/">Amazon Web Services</a> and got an instance of Ubuntu
in cloud. That means he owns a virtual machine running Ubuntu which can reached
from anywhere in the world by an IP address and a set of encrypted key’s. It
seems it is very easy to setup an instance of linux using Amazon web services and
machine is up and running in matter of minutes. I, myself, have seen over past
few years the physical linux boxes in labs were being replaced with virtual
machines. So virtualization is not a new thing after all. But providing a virtually
instance in cloud, dynamically, and resources (Memory, network cards,
processors) being allocated based on the need is something new and interesting.
So my colleagues Ubuntu instance was up and running.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I took my <a href="http://code.google.com/p/s11interface/">GTP
code</a>, SGW, that I wrote years ago and ran it on the server. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MME was running on my local machine. Couple of
firewall exceptions on server and boom, my local machine and ubuntu on cloud
was nicely exchanging the GTP packets. Well, it’s a client server communication
you don’t need to be an Einstein to make it work; as long as IP’s are reachable
everything is supposed to work. So, here it is my first GTPv2 call over the
cloud onto a virtual server.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It does make me believe that mobile packet core can be
pushed to cloud and onto virtual machines. There are definite challenges, but
over the years it seems to be possible. Imagine bringing up more virtual instances
of EPC components during the peak hours and shutting them down during the nights.
If there are bunch of machines that are going to send one time information
during a particular time of day, we can get the virtual instances ready to take
the explosion of messages and bring down the instances once the information is
exchanged.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Resource can be dynamically allocated based on need.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What do you think of this? Does this seem to be a viable
solution? </div>
</div>Santosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-46766064007144057972012-07-27T10:18:00.001-07:002012-07-27T10:19:04.015-07:00Few thoughts on Policy!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I have received many emails regarding dedicated bearers and
mobile networks policy interface in past few months. This directly shows there
is good amount of work being put in to make Gx interface work by both operators
and telecom vendors. While Gx interface has been sitting for a while in UMTS
networks, it dint have any interaction with mobile devices. What I mean is Gx
was mainly used to enable statically configured rules, mainly DPI rules, on
GGSN and was invisible to UE, except that operators had opportunity to do all
sorts of weird stuff using user’s data. Drop, police, charge differently.. Net Neutrality?
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
However with LTE, Gx seems to be playing significant role by
establishing dedicated bearers. Policy Charging and Rule function is
responsible for activating rules that lead to dedicated bearer creation, send
rating group information that is used for charging, control qos etc. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Gy is cousin brother of Gx. Gy is charging interface towards
OCS that is mainly (not necessarily) used for prepaid subscribers. Both Gx and
Gy are Diameter based interfaces that run over TCP or SCTP. With 3GPP Release
8+ Gx was also given function of Gy, by enabling Usage Monitoring. This
solution is already present in most pre release 8 gateways as proprietary
solutions. So nice of 3GPP for making it a standard! </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When subscriber attaches to a mobile network, GGSN sends a
message (Diameter credit control request) to PCRF. This message carries quite a
bit of information about UE. See <a href="http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/29212.htm">3GPP TS 29.212</a> for more details. Once this
message is received, based on the subscription, PCRF may return new Qos,
charging rules etc. Based on information, received from PCRF, PGW/GGSN may create a new
dedicated bearer or modify qos etc.
Typically in UMTS networks, PCRF sends Bearer Identifies in charging
rules, which tell GGSN to which bearer these rules should be applied. In EPS PCRF just sends the rules and PGW
decides to which bearer these rules need to be applied to. This means in UMTS
PCRF was doing bearer binding and in LTE PGW is doing bearer binding. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We all have heard of Data plans where operators throttle
user data after a certain limit. This can be nicely achieved by using the usage
monitoring functionality over Gx. When a subscriber is created PCRF allocates
some data volume with some qos. After that volume is reached PCRF may send new
volume with downgraded qos. This is very
hard to achieve, not impossible though, using Gx and Gy interfaces as Gy doesn’t
have any insight of user qos. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There are several advantages of Gx interface but that comes with
additional TCP processing on the Gateways and additional cost for PCRF deployment.
Will post more!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Just when I was going to post this, I noticed an interested
presentation in 3G4G blog by Zahid regarding PCC! <a href="http://3g4g.blogspot.com/2012/07/pcc-developments-to-take-advantage-of.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+3gAnd4gWirelessBlog+%283G+and+4G+Wireless+Blog%29">Head
on</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PS - I am terribly busy with work. Couldn’t post anything for
some time! I also ignored few comments/emails.
Apologies <span style="font-family: Wingdings;">:-)</span></div>
</div>Santosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-23474781262341746152012-06-02T15:24:00.000-07:002012-06-08T19:50:02.618-07:00IMS Dedicated bearers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Email exchange! Hope it helps!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 201.7pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">My understanding of VoLTE bearers:</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A default bearer is automatically created as part of UE
attach (This is UE-initiated IP-CAN session initiation). </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is possible to also include a dedicated bearer for
signalling on UE attach but this is not compulsory (This is UE-initiated
IP-CAN session modification). </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A UE initiates an IMS session by sending a SIP INVITE
message and IMS elements (typically the P-CSCF) triggers the activation of
the dedicated bearer for the session via Rx/PCRF/Gx/PGW. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Similarly when a session is terminated the UE sends a
SIP BYE message and the P-CSCF triggers removal of the dedicated bearer
via Rx/PCRF/Gx/PGW. (This is network initiated IP-CAN session
modification for the VoLTE dedicated media bearer.)</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The problem I see with this is the
following scenario</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UE terminate an IMS call and sends a SIP BYE.
Typically the dedicated bearer is removed through Rx/PCRF/Gx. BUT if
the SIP BYE is lost in the network, the dedicated bearer remains and the
user is still charged even though the call is "ended".</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I think it is also possible to use
UE initiated IP-CAN session modification for the IMS dedicated media bearer (I
had a look at 4.5.1 Request for PCC rules in 3GPP TS 29.212 where it talks
about IP-CAN session modification initiated by UE) - and I think it should work
as follows:</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UE sends SIP INVITE and initiates dedicated bearer
activation which goes PGW/Gx/PCRF.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With SIP preconditions full IMS signalling only takes
place once both sides have completed UE initiated dedicated bearer
activation. (Rx is still used but differently .. not 100% sure how)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When the UE terminates the call it sends a SIP BYE
message and activates the removal of the dedicated bearer.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If a SIP BYE message is lost the dedicated bearer is
still removed, the PCRF is informed, and in turn the IMS elements are
informed via Rx. The session will be fully torn down and charging
will be stopped.</span></li>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
- Have you explored anything in IMS that can provide a solution to lost SIP
Bye? <br />
- Is it a really good idea to rely on UE to establish/teardown the SIP
signalling? How do you plan to interop with tons of UEs that will available in
market soon.<br />
- To me the solution should be driven from the network, based on the UE
subscription. You can establish a non GBR dedicated bearer when UE is initially
attached to the network for the purpose of SIP signaling, that can just stay
there as long as UE is attached. QCI - 1 is designated for this. This will be
inline with further SRVCC procedure. <br />
- If dedicated bearer creation and deletion needs to be triggered by Rx, then I
am afraid there is no trivial solution to deal with lost SIP Bye, unless IMS
presents us with one.</div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If the signalling bearer
is QCI 5 then the packet loss error rate is 10^-6. This means that 1 in
1000 000 packets are lost. So if the BYE is lost it seems likely
that the signalling bearer will be torn down. It is possible on IMS
registration to register for notifications on the status of the signalling
bearer - if the signalling bearer is lost then all media bearers are removed
(no more charging) and the user is unregistered.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So maybe this is not a
problem after all?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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Regarding the QCI: From my understanding - the network will
detect if the QCI guarantees for a bearer can no longer be met (i.e. if the signalling
bearer - QCI 5 - can no longer receive loss rate of 10^-6).<br />
If this is detected the bearer will be torn down - PCRF informed etc. Though
I've yet to see this demonstrated I am pretty sure this capability exists in
standard EPC. So I think my original concern is<br />
actually not a problem at all - what do you think?</div>
</div>Santosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-32179860184128695832012-04-27T11:53:00.000-07:002012-04-27T11:53:12.614-07:00Wi-Fi Offload<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Small cells are good way to increase coverage of mobile
network and serve densely populated areas like malls, concert halls etc. A
Femto cell is one solution while other seems to be Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi Offload is
becoming a lucrative option to offload mobile data for service providers, as Wi-Fi
is cheap; Wi-Fi is everywhere and is integrated into the most of hand held
devices. But there are quite a few hurdles to pass through before offloading
the data over a Wi-Fi. There is quite a lot of work going on in 3GPP standards
to smoothly integrate the Wi-Fi network into 3GPP network.<br />
<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh16JmMqtLB_UUIMDj6UtQTkLZ2EzTHNzRHHf87HnLvRSSwo03ttQ9vi8GFqEQI6RmrsGVF6c0kM5Q4AYXbFUe-WqrWA5fxhY3NwWIZigrMbPCYrdeaojHZwZOextbOqz4vawGP-_rJwD4/s1600/Near_Future_Mobile_Network.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh16JmMqtLB_UUIMDj6UtQTkLZ2EzTHNzRHHf87HnLvRSSwo03ttQ9vi8GFqEQI6RmrsGVF6c0kM5Q4AYXbFUe-WqrWA5fxhY3NwWIZigrMbPCYrdeaojHZwZOextbOqz4vawGP-_rJwD4/s640/Near_Future_Mobile_Network.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
You can download it from <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/35770992@N04/7072037045/">flickr</a>. </div>
<br />
I saw that ATT gives away connectivity to their Wi-Fi hotspots
free as part of mobile data subscription. To understand Wi-Fi offload better, I
picked an ATT IPhone and drove to nearest Starbucks with a Laptop running
Ubuntu and tcpdump, in an attempt to capture the traces and understand
protocols. To my surprise I observed that Wi-Fi network was free to everybody, with
some terms and conditions to accept, and not to just ATT subscribers. Also the
whole Wi-Fi network was un-encrypted. 1 minute capture lead to 8 mega bytes of
data from all the users. I got back and
did a Google search. It seems that ATT hotspot at Starbucks is free for
everybody and is un-encrypted. Some more research showed that all premium
subscriptions for Wi-Fi needed users to login into an http portal for
authentication. Even the premium subscription doesn’t get you encryption over
Wi-Fi RAN. ATT on their website recommends connecting to VPN when connected to publicly
available Wi-Fi. With these challenges,
I personally wouldn’t want to connect any publicly available Wi-Fi.<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
What will make a Wi-Fi offload truly a small cell solution
and attract many more subscribers? </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Wi-Fi network connection should be seamless with
minimum user interaction </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>No web portal authentication. If I am subscribed
to a premium service, let the network figure it out and award me services
without my interaction. </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Encrypted Wi-Fi RAN.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>IP address preservation upon moving to a mobile
network. </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Requirements for one may be different from other and depends
on the business model. I believe we
should be able to at-least achieve these requirements to call offload a “true”
offload. The technology exists and inter-connections should be laid out.<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
EAP-SIM exists for seamless authentication and Wi-Fi RAN
encryption. Stick up a gateway in between Wi-Fi RAN and mobile network to
maintain the same IP address across the networks and enforce the mobile network
policy. Connect AAA/HLR to the Wi-Fi gateway for authentication/accounting. This
is an immature description, will post more call-flows and adjust the
network diagram soon. </div>
</div>Santosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-39625924916149794762012-04-24T17:00:00.001-07:002012-04-24T17:01:14.962-07:00Fallback to older RAT for throttling<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
We
all are, painfully, aware of service providers applying fair usage policy,
beyond a certain limit of data usage, by throttling mobile data speeds.
Typically this is done using a PCRF/OCS. With latest revisions of 3GPP (Release
9) we can achieve FUP just by using PCRF. However I want to put forth another
way of doing this. Push the LTE subscribers to UMTS after a data threshold;
similarly push UMTS subscribers to GPRS/EDGE. Don’t kill me; I am just stating
another feature of 3GPP :-). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Few
years back we had GPRS/EDGE widely deployed, with UMTS coming in a new network
was deployed along side of GPRS/EDGE. Also LTE is going to co-exist with
UTRAN/GERAN. As of now most of the devices that do data are 3G capable and are
always hooked on to UMTS/HSPA. The numbers of 3G/4G capable devices are on the
rise leaving the GPRS/EDGE network least used. What if we push the 3G
subscribers to GPRS/EDGE after a certain limit? This way we could still utilize
the GERAN.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I am
not sure of limitations on radio side, but from core network it seems like a
simple feature. HLR/HSS store information about
subscriber <span class="apple-style-span">and can dictate which Radio Access
Technology (RAT) a UE can connect to. Refer to <a href="http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/129200_129299/129272/09.09.00_60/ts_129272v090900p.pdf">3GPP
TS 29.272</a> and look for “Access Restriction Data”. The AVP has values like
“UTRAN Not Allowed”, “GAN Not Allowed”, “E-UTRAN Not Allowed” etc. Based on
these values MME/SGSN will either allow or block the UE from accessing a
corresponding RAT. Typically blocking a RAT will lead to an “Attach Reject”
with definite “Cause” towards an UE. Assume a UE is blocked from E-UTRAN, so
when that UE tries to gain E-UTRAN access, MME rejects the Attach with Cause “EPS
services not allowed”. This will stop UE from connecting to E-UTRAN, until it
is switched off and switched on. Similarly we can achieve this over UTRAN and
make UE fallback to GERAN.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Downsides
</div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">Identify the subscribers whose data threshold are hit
and re-program the HSS/HLR to block access. Once billing cycle is complete
re-program the HSS/HLR again to allow access. </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;">What happens when the coverage for the enforced RAT is
not present? Assume the subscriber is pushed to GERAN and he/she is in a
location where GERAN is not available. </li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This
is pretty lousy solution to implement, but achievable. Nice way to
implement is rate limit the subscriber using PCRF. We could still use
this feature to block certain users from accessing a RAT all-together, which is
reasonable.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This
shows the amount of control a mobile network can have over a subscriber!</div>
</div>Santosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-83765015016711444932012-04-18T12:04:00.002-07:002012-04-18T19:25:05.607-07:00Juniper MobileNext Platform<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
The number of subscribers using mobile network is on the rise
day by day. It’s just not humans any more, its also machines. Machine-to-machine
communication is expected to explode in the very near future. To support millions
of subscribers and machines, there is serious need to build scalable networks
right from the RAN all the way through to the core. It’s just not enough to
build a scalable network, but also ensure the quality of experience. With
machines the critical data is expected to make it to the servers on the other
end of the mobile network without any loss. Imagine ATMs running on mobile
networks!</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN8IWNyllWEKTsV-imk-CZFtrNOjePsICvYb_VjSHoGFFIQhLoGwNYvqJoxAUtPPP8stM-M7lOWI84Cv4YTkqq7dMaLtTwietOXSRvYIOWJ0677ghI_dHWrEgd-nIaVLhCQdUpi1Wm4vM/s1600/4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN8IWNyllWEKTsV-imk-CZFtrNOjePsICvYb_VjSHoGFFIQhLoGwNYvqJoxAUtPPP8stM-M7lOWI84Cv4YTkqq7dMaLtTwietOXSRvYIOWJ0677ghI_dHWrEgd-nIaVLhCQdUpi1Wm4vM/s1600/4.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.juniper.net/us/en/local/pdf/whitepapers/2000416-en.pdf">Image
Source</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
In this regards Juniper Networks has released a <a href="http://www.juniper.net/us/en/local/pdf/whitepapers/2000460-en.pdf">performance
report</a> for the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">MobileNext Broadband
Gateway</b> which seems very impressive. Juniper MobileNext GGSN/PGW was
independently validated, for performance & scalability, by <a href="http://www.eantc.com/">EANTC</a> using <a href="http://www.spirent.com/">Spirent</a>
tools. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
European Advanced Networking Test Center (EANTC) is
internationally recognized as an objective test center. They provide
vendor-neutral network performance test facilities for manufacturers, service
providers and enterprise customers.</div>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7_duO3Q9ijRB5PuaLklvfLFCHd3f6Fosw3nHQRw4VYBLiz8pcs3sLimi26sV-053XViIpkIUy-5HzSsAKUuzT7cK2nl5qFm3CJD0-St6zBd5BKx3iPhmdjw0ywsMP58Qt7BawNijucWE/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7_duO3Q9ijRB5PuaLklvfLFCHd3f6Fosw3nHQRw4VYBLiz8pcs3sLimi26sV-053XViIpkIUy-5HzSsAKUuzT7cK2nl5qFm3CJD0-St6zBd5BKx3iPhmdjw0ywsMP58Qt7BawNijucWE/s400/1.jpg" width="352" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
MobileNext is truly a distributed platform with clear
control and data plane separation; enabling the GGSN/PGW to host millions of
subscribers and simultaneously pump huge amounts of data traffic. The numbers are clear in the below chart. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Juniper claims that the MobileNext
Broadband Gateway can host 8 Million Subscribers; transfer 434 Gbps of traffic
with zero loss along with an activation rate of 48,000 sessions per second (168,000
transactions per second), all being done concurrently in a completely redundant
system. </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Without redundancy MobileNext
Broadband Gateway can host up to 12 Million Subscribers; transfer 551 Gbps of
traffic with zero loss and handle 72K activations per second. </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxi4PaeJ3xDrR9cJ4FNxrEz9JNDY15nkQ9c2EiUjuSMblskRBNMmIu2S507PHTdwhc4lXkWTW9TUwaHfzVTqjvOEJcPN8PvqpG24JP-3PhMF9izwijVmSDyO5290VFXv3ARFlp07O48Pg/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxi4PaeJ3xDrR9cJ4FNxrEz9JNDY15nkQ9c2EiUjuSMblskRBNMmIu2S507PHTdwhc4lXkWTW9TUwaHfzVTqjvOEJcPN8PvqpG24JP-3PhMF9izwijVmSDyO5290VFXv3ARFlp07O48Pg/s400/2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid6-pRH352yzWURkTGg2srACF6o01PLqlNRpLqTn9n69-AORSKq5gS3q-BArji9jAJBDG6JUKvb3vAeZjnH0-NTuzdROwyKO0tUC4yEov7o1gkNYE3yJBOa5LsZs4-_P97Y0IL3lBOrqc/s1600/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid6-pRH352yzWURkTGg2srACF6o01PLqlNRpLqTn9n69-AORSKq5gS3q-BArji9jAJBDG6JUKvb3vAeZjnH0-NTuzdROwyKO0tUC4yEov7o1gkNYE3yJBOa5LsZs4-_P97Y0IL3lBOrqc/s400/3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Do we really need such a powerful device in the mobile core?
Yes we do. Let’s take the direct tunnel case in 3G. If subscriber goes to idle
mode, the direct tunnel is taken down by SGSN and when subscriber becomes
active again a direct tunnel is created by SGSN. A Direct Tunnel create and
delete leads to 2 transactions on GGSN. If there is charging trigger enabled
for direct tunnel creation and deletion, count another 2 transactions. Now
multiply that by the number of SGSNs/RNCs and subscribers. The number of
transactions is quite significant, especially for a large operator. Older generation hardware needs a gateway to
be added every time there is an increase in transaction rate or data rate. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Another reason for need of high performance is machine to
machine communication. Assume that smart meters are hooked on to the mobile
network and are programmed to update the server at 6 in the morning in a
location X. So at 6 in the morning there will be a bulk of create pdps followed
by data transfer followed by delete pdp’s from location X. If we allocate
different time slots for smart meters in different locations to update, there
is constant pressure on the GGSN/PGWs to handle the high rate of transactions
and data transfers throughout the day. Loss of data becomes a very critical, as
a meter reading might be lost.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .15pt; margin-right: .1pt; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Small/Hybrid Cells and wifi offload is going to bring in
many more subscribers and stress on the network. Not to forget the new devices
and fancy applications that are melting the networks every day. Considering
these aspects, the need for high performing and reliable mobile core is needed
today and I believe we need these kind of platforms to build a scalable
networks and ensure quality of experience. </div>
</div>
</div>Santosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-57183168019247322672012-04-04T14:34:00.000-07:002012-04-18T13:44:35.822-07:00IMS Emergency Calls over LTE – Short description<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
As operators are moving towards LTE, the need for emergency
calls support over LTE is high, as they have to comply with local authorities.
3GPP has defined a nice procedure for emergency calls in Release 9(?). The
support for emergency calls is required across the network and UE. Below is how
the procedure works. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
First thing to consider is any UE can make an emergency
call, provided network supports it. This means there is no subscription for
that UE in HSS. This also means there is need for an emergency APN to be
defined! I will avoid eNBs here as RRC always goes above my thinking capabilities. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When UE wants to perform emergency attach, it will send an
attach request with attach type as Emergency Attach. Upon receiving this attach MME may or may not
contact HSS for Authentication. If MME supports, then call may proceed even if
Authentication fails if at all HSS was contacted. If authentication fails then MME may not contact HSS for
Update location request. In a nut shell, when Emergency Attach is received Auth/Security
procedure becomes optional. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This brings the next point. APN. This is
where 3GPP defines the magic term “MME Emergency Configuration Data” that is
needed on MME, where Emergency APN is stored. Optionally QoS parameters and
static PDN gateway address can be stored. So upon receiving an emergency attach
MME knows where to send the Create Session Request. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" dir="rtl" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimGw0oxDC4_114au7OowJiBNcpqqafb_5l8cwELqez60VTVP_Qom9QHyj1tojM9RMXb8ySpixCBu2ILpmsEWMNQgeWaAEPrmMMiUHz464_LSBiVQHwwEmNk4xkkw32UuFa1QzAI4CoOrQ/s1600/Emergency+Attach.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="435" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimGw0oxDC4_114au7OowJiBNcpqqafb_5l8cwELqez60VTVP_Qom9QHyj1tojM9RMXb8ySpixCBu2ILpmsEWMNQgeWaAEPrmMMiUHz464_LSBiVQHwwEmNk4xkkw32UuFa1QzAI4CoOrQ/s640/Emergency+Attach.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Another thing to note is a UE may not send IMSI in the
attach request, if it doesn’t have one. Well, I should be able to make an
emergency call even if I don’t have a SIM card. In this case IMEI is required.
Basically mobile network is doomed without IMSI or IMEI. This needs SGW/PGW to
be prepared for receiving Create Session requests without IMSIs or IMEIs.
Another software modification! The QoS values, like ARP can be statically
configured on MME or if Dynamic PCC is deployed then PCRF may provide these
details. The PDN created for emergency service cannot be per-empted, so proper
ARP values should be used. It is also expected that Emergency APN supports
IPv4v6 PDN type just to be on safer side. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Once everything is set, MME may send Create Session Request
to SGW/PGW and based the Response the attach procedure may be completed. A UE
may make an emergency call now. Once the call is complete UE need not detach.
As soon as UE goes to idle mode, MME may go ahead and release the call. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There are several nuts and bolts described in 3GPP TS
23.401, 24.301 and 29.274 if you want to look at the procedure in detail. </div>
</div>Santosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-31323481060949221452012-03-13T13:36:00.001-07:002012-04-18T13:45:01.704-07:00Simultaneous CS & PS connections<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ever seen ATTs “Only AT&T's network lets your iPhone
talk and surf at the same time” ad? If not <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIsdkOvySkk">here </a>is the youtube link. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ever wondered why so much emphasis on network rather than
phone? Well, this is a new feature on network . Not new exactly; this
feature has been there since Release 5. Good to see that it is actually rolled
out to production; otherwise it seemed very stupid to own a smart phone. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ok! Here is how this is made possible. When a phone is
switched on, it goes and attaches to the network. If phone is data capable, the
phone does PS attach towards SGSN and CS attach towards MSC. Basically there
are two separate radio control channels for data and voice and a phone can be hooked on
to either one of it at a give time (not an expert on radio though). So if you are browsing, and MSC is paging the
phone for a voice call, phone has to disconnect the GPRS session and receive
CS paging over CS signalling channel which does make a smartphone look stupid. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtHHUY_wcLhyphenhyphenZYaSK3tPnqcFKn4F_uh21UTL260gPnrAdPEoul1Q-P3N6ii-cKjJNoh4algLCsUcPIKWdNDHUvk9tRclcn-X2z22aICrHVYja42ef27Z_lDWESPuRKIQBaUMV1wNLghEM/s1600/Gs_Interface.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtHHUY_wcLhyphenhyphenZYaSK3tPnqcFKn4F_uh21UTL260gPnrAdPEoul1Q-P3N6ii-cKjJNoh4algLCsUcPIKWdNDHUvk9tRclcn-X2z22aICrHVYja42ef27Z_lDWESPuRKIQBaUMV1wNLghEM/s400/Gs_Interface.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For this sake 3GPP has done enhancements on network side. On the network side they introduced a new interface between
MSC and SGSN, the Gs interface. This interface has been upgraded to SGs and
further to Sv for CS Fallback and SRVCC features respectively. The additional Gs
interface made phone to connect to both CS and PS service with one attach
towards PS, which is referred to as combined attach. When a phone is powered on
it looks for PS network and sends PS Attach Request with CS parameters towards
SGSN. Based on the attach request, SGSN figures out the location area from
routing area, finds out the MSC based on location area and sends location
update towards it for CS attach. So with single attach UE is connected to both
CS and PS services. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib_D2KSIkceD0Sv7maypI0L21sm90j8kD0EMqaJaO2CluO1P8kFmz4MwxT88da4TgK0bCr_fMDYXelZjTlZsSrYAiIVdIII2Tx0wufHIP71V6-ZMEGBQGNd6CpbnDjajp9ogYWO0cvJ-k/s1600/Combined_attach.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="449" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib_D2KSIkceD0Sv7maypI0L21sm90j8kD0EMqaJaO2CluO1P8kFmz4MwxT88da4TgK0bCr_fMDYXelZjTlZsSrYAiIVdIII2Tx0wufHIP71V6-ZMEGBQGNd6CpbnDjajp9ogYWO0cvJ-k/s640/Combined_attach.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
All is good. Now assume a case where phone is using PS services
and has an incoming call. MSC sees the incoming voice call and sends a CS Page
request to SGSN, because that is where the location update request came from,
instead of UE directly. Upon receiving the CS page, SGSN sends paging request
towards MS over PS channel with CS indicator. Since the paging request has CS indication the
phone prepares of a CS call. Phone responds to the paging and MSC pushes
the phone call toward RNC via CS voice channels. But the best part is phone can
still have its PS connection continued while still having a CS connection. The
trick is to not make phone listen on both CS and PS channels instead use one signaling
channel on radio side and make SGSN and MSC communicate for CS services. I
tried to capture the same in above call flow. This is a brief overview, there
are many more procedures inside this for feature to work flawlessly. Also the network mapping
between location area and routing area needs to done correctly. It’s all easy for a
green field operator, but networks like ATT does need a lot of time and money.
Hence the ad <span style="font-family: Wingdings;">:-)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
For more details, refer to 3GPP TS 23.060</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;"> </span> </div>
</div>Santosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-34012179396700307622012-03-04T11:05:00.000-08:002012-08-04T11:02:15.777-07:00OPNET Projects for Students<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
I should have done this long back, but never too late. I have
had several requests from students across the globe regarding projects on LTE.
Most of the requests were related to OPNET. Unfortunately I don’t have enough experience
of the tool and neither have time to explore. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This post is for the students who wish to share their experience/scripts/anything
related to LTE for the benefit of other students. Please share your work under
this post, also you can email me I will push it to the post. Students can use
this blog as a platform to share their knowledge/Questions/experience with any
tools/scripts. I will link this post to the right under “Projects for Students”
section. Even students can get in touch with each other and share their work if
they want to. Possibilities are limited to your discretion.<br />
<br />
A new project by one of blog readers. <br />
<br />
4G simulation based on OMNeT++ (similar to OPNET but free).<br />
Code @ <a href="https://github.com/4gsim/4Gsim/tree/master/src">https://github.com/4gsim/4Gsim/tree/master/src</a><br />
At the moment only a simple attach request scenario is implemented. Feel free to check it out! </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Thanks, Santosh</div>
</div>Santosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-58748728624703554102012-02-13T17:59:00.000-08:002012-04-18T13:45:19.171-07:00Understanding SRVCC – Part 1 (Updated)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
It’s time to set aside the voice issues and embrace LTE! </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
SRVCC stands for Single Radio Voice Call Continuity. This is
the official 3GPP solution for voice over LTE. There is CSFB too, but it’s
pretty lousy and supposed to be an intermittent solution. SRVCC is the long
term solution proposed by keeping IMS network in view. It will be a perfect
solution when the whole work has IMS deployed and still have 3G/2G networks
running. There was a significant debate about VoLTE solution but seems like
world is moving towards IMS, atleast in my little mind. <span style="font-family: Wingdings;">:-)</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfGe2aI41qa5BKevcAMkL4qPUNNA0PusypeCrGMfF3m2d3QR9yoVOMiqcEbnJ8V4yqz7iPYdmW8OMUKJQppBiVjc39DCzLW-tqM7B0O34UttRitHkDP7xZiuu4C55C5ibZOwd_pOiTUXg/s1600/srvcc.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfGe2aI41qa5BKevcAMkL4qPUNNA0PusypeCrGMfF3m2d3QR9yoVOMiqcEbnJ8V4yqz7iPYdmW8OMUKJQppBiVjc39DCzLW-tqM7B0O34UttRitHkDP7xZiuu4C55C5ibZOwd_pOiTUXg/s640/srvcc.png" width="640" /></a></div>
</div>
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SRVCC is supposed to continue, an IMS call on LTE network, seamlessly
over a 3G/2G network. 3GPP TS 23.216 deals with this solution. Major
requirement is NOT to have UE connect to 2 different RAT’s simultaneously. This
means more battery life on handsets! </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For SRVCC to work there is a need for Sv interface between
MME/SGSN and MSC. MSC needs to communicate with IMS network over ISUP
interface? This means a software upgrade on MME/SGSN/MSC is needed. No special
changes are need on SGW/PGW/GGSN. No additional functionality is required on
EUTRAN, other than it has to detect UTRAN and GERAN. HSS needs to send couple
of additional flags. PCRF is required to enforce a bearer over QCI 1, dedicated
voice bearer? UE is expected to send few SRVCC IEs during attach procedure and
is expected to be IMS capable. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Assuming all the above is done and IMS network is in place,
a UE will now make and receive voice calls over LTE via IMS network. While on a
voice call over LTE, if EUTRAN detects that UE is moving towards a UTRAN/GERAN,
it will initiate a handover procedure for UE towards the SGSN. A PS handover
will be initiated for all bearers except for the one with QCI=1. MME will then
initiate a PS-CS handover for QCI =1 bearer towards MSC. At this point MME is
dealing with CS handover and PS handover simultaneously. Assuming everything
went right, all PS bearers are successfully handed over to SGSN and CS bearer
is handed over to MSC for continuation of 3G. The voice call now continues via
MSC -> RAN -> UE. While in 3G if UE makes a call, the call lands on MSC
then on IMS? </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This is a very brief description will post detailed call
flows soon, refer to 3GPP TS 23.216 for more details.<br />
<br />
More Links<br />
<br />
Qualcomm Tests SRVCC <br />
<a href="http://www.engadget.com/2012/02/02/qualcomm-chips-complete-first-successful-voip-over-lte-to-wcdma/">http://www.engadget.com/2012/02/02/qualcomm-chips-complete-first-successful-voip-over-lte-to-wcdma/</a><br />
<a href="http://gigaom.com/broadband/qualcomm-ericsson-just-brought-mobile-calls-into-the-ip-age/%20">http://gigaom.com/broadband/qualcomm-ericsson-just-brought-mobile-calls-into-the-ip-age/ </a></div>
</div>Santosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-80225849321457547502012-01-29T13:34:00.000-08:002012-01-29T13:34:15.906-08:00ATT and IPhone<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Some time back I got hold of an IPhone from ATT and did a field test.
It releived quite an interesting results and gave a blue print of ATT
network. Field test application can be invoked using keypad
and by typing *3001#12345#*. It shows a lot of information about
cellular network including RRC, NAS and PDP context. I tried
to analyze some part by taking a bus ride, from one place to another,
which is apporximately 5 miles. <span lang=""></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxyVY4TUcYBQ6wsk_RN3PdGusuvrMbH5VVhyIwzQuAGRRlOhrmHwIAaRo6yPPwYKyaGXmpcZUOYszNNwLIYlyuL0xxKzWjSGrMRmrGHgJT_jNmK-zQTWvcyPc2-L7fv9z9DoqhHSz-P0I/s1600/photo.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxyVY4TUcYBQ6wsk_RN3PdGusuvrMbH5VVhyIwzQuAGRRlOhrmHwIAaRo6yPPwYKyaGXmpcZUOYszNNwLIYlyuL0xxKzWjSGrMRmrGHgJT_jNmK-zQTWvcyPc2-L7fv9z9DoqhHSz-P0I/s320/photo.PNG" width="213" /></a></div>
<b>Routing Area and Cell id </b><br />
<br />
Cell id kept changing every quarter to half a mile. Routing area
changed every mile to 2. A cell id change mean that there was a NodeB
change and Routing area change indicates that RNC has changed. I hope
location reporting for cell id is not enabled, otherwise there will be
so many updates to the network. Imagine a bus loaded with 40 people out
which atleast 20 are carrying phones by ATT network. This creates 20 cell updates
at almost same point. Cell Id update is optional so I am sure the cell
id update must has been turned off in the network.<br />
<br />
But Routing area cannot be avoided. Which means the network was
receiving 20 Routing Area Updates every 5 mins from the bus. So if you
combine the traffic that is outside the bus, during a peak time, its is
quite a load on SGSN/RNCs to process the routing area updates.
Unfortunately every Routing Area needs to be reprted to SGSN, but with
LTE and concept of Tracking Area List the updates can be significantly
reduced. But again that will depend on how the network is designed.
During attach in LTE, network may send a max of 16 tracking areas and If
UE is moving across those tracking areas then there is no need for a
Tracking Area Update.<br />
<br />
<b>PDP contexts </b><br />
<br />
The IPhone atleast opens 2 primary PDP contexts. One is for regular
data and other is for visual voice mail. Now another interesting thing,
for pulling an voice mail, phone always connects to a different APN, this
means voice mail can be given free of charge without much of hassle. Because voice mail APN can be a plain APN withouth charging or DPI turned on.. On the other hand if voice mail is pulled from
regular APN, then DPI needs to be turned on the APN and voice mail
traffic should be zero rated. Its an absolute pain. So the work aroud is
to make phone connect to different APN.<br />
<br />
I was wondering, if a Phone is bought unlocked then how to make it
connect to two different APNs. I know that I can trigger another primary pdp using a
console connection and AT commands, but how do we
do it from a phone. May be that is one of the reasons why ATT doenst
unlock IPhones.<br />
<br />
There are still some more interesting aspects to look at, but I will
leave it you. Will grab an LTE phone and perform some more tests as and
when time permits. <br />
</div>Santosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com13tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-31306549042963087002012-01-13T11:10:00.001-08:002012-01-13T11:10:52.891-08:00DPI, Policy and Charging<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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I am particularly impressed by the amount subscriber
management that 3GPP has provided. Per packet flow treatment per subscriber is super
cool. However the implementation on mobile gateways is quite complex and need a
lot of cpu and memory cycles. In simple words we really need powerful hardware
sitting in edge with a efficient software to correctly enforce the policy and perform corresponding charging
actions. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Just to point out, 3GPP allows service provider to treat
each subscriber differently based on the subscription. A subscriber may be
allowed to use certain traffic or block certain traffic, certain traffic may be
treated with higher priority and bill him based on the application or location
etc. The limit is endless. A very good business model is needed to make it
happen though. So to allow or block certain traffic from a subscriber the gateways
need to look deep into the packets, detect the flows, apply policies and report
to the billing system. This is quite a lot of pressure on the gateways. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I was doing a study of various telecom plans available
across the world. Interestingly some service providers were offering services like
free Facebook or free sport channel at a flat monthly rate or free email etc.
This makes me wonder why we even need these plans with LTE. These plans are efficient
when there is sever crunch of radio resources and subscriber doesn't have fancy
handsets, but with LTE the spectrum has widened and fancy handsets are becoming
cheaper and cheaper. Will these plans still hold well? </div>
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For e.g a plan like free facebook will need the mobile
gateway to look at all the packets<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>flowing from subscriber, zero rate it and then inform the same to the
billing system. This churns a lot of bandwidth in term of cpu and memory cycles
on the gateway. More over the software on the gateways needs to be highly
efficient. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But there is other side to it. A subscriber may be offered
limited data over a period of time but as token of appreciation allow a service
free. For e.g I would be very happy if “Google Maps” is offered free along with
my monthly of say 200 meg. I mean truly free here, that is actually look at the
Google Maps traffic and zero rating it. But service provider may not want to
do, so he may allow another 50 meg of additional quota and call it token of appreciation.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Duh! </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In a nutshell, 3GPP subscriber management is amazing and I believe
the broadband forum agrees. DPI, Policy and Charging are cool features on
mobile gateways from engineering stand point. There are several other issues
with DPI as people really don’t want service provider to look at their data. Anyway
the service is available and I will leave it to the marketing to decide <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span>:-) </span></span></div>
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I would like to hear from you. Would you like certain services
to be free along with your subscription or would you like service to be free
for a low monthly or weekly rate or any other plans you want to see in the market? </div>
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span><span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"></span> </span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
</div>Santosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-1695060566435722022011-12-25T11:20:00.000-08:002011-12-25T11:21:36.785-08:00Merry Christmas & Happy New YearIan still around and answering emails for the 3rd year. Still plenty to come in new year as mobile networks evolve. Wish you all a very happy Christmas and new year.
Thanks & Regards,
SantoshSantosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-73796624130789052002011-09-08T17:37:00.000-07:002011-09-08T17:37:11.240-07:00Location Reporting!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
There was one interesting feature in Release 7 that dint
make it to LTE in Release 8, however it has introduced as part of Release 9. I
am talking about Location Reporting feature. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A PGW/GGSN needs to know the exact location of UE/MS so that
it can do location based charging. Other reason why PGW/GGSN needs the exact UE
location could be for lawful intercept. Any more reasons? </div>
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Anyway the UE location is propagated by MME/SGSN to PGW/GGSN
over ULI IE (User Location Information). Whenever a UE changes a cell or
routing area or tracking area MME/SGSN may inform the PGW/GGSN about the same
using location change reporting feature. In pre-release 7 if the UE moves from
one routing area to other that is under same SGSN then there is no message over
Gn interface towards GGSN. So how will SGSN send the User location information
IE with new RAI to GGSN? There is a GTPv1 message called “MS Info Change
Notification Request” that SGSN may send to GGSN indicating the UE location.
GGSN, based on this, can do location based charging. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This feature is missing in Release 8. Oh shoot! We completely
forgot about it. Lets put in Release 9. </div>
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In LTE the location reporting may be achieved in following
way. First if MME/PGW supports location reporting then MME will ask eNB to
report UE location. So, as and when UE moves from one TAI to other or from one
cell to cell eNB will send Location Update message to MME. But how to propagate
this info all the way to PGW? According to release 8, there is now way to do
it. MME has to wait for the next available GTP message to send this information
to SGW/PGW. Which means a cell change may never be reported to PGW or you need
to have a eNB with just one cell under it and that is just covering one TAI, so
that when UE moves from once cell to other there can be a handover and MME can
send Modify bearer request to SGW with the ULI. This is little too much. So
3GPP Release 9 <span> </span>brought back the support
for “Change Notification Request”. If UE moves from one cell to cell, MME may
now send Change Notification Request that can be propagated all the way to PGW
and PGW may further send UE location to PCRF or charging server. Thus bringing
back location based charging. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Refer to 3GPP TS 23.401 v 9.9.0 Section 5.9.2 which was
missing in Release 8. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Release 7 equivalent is in 3GPP TS 23.060 Section 15.1.3. </div>
</div>
Santosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-53632056868385172482011-08-03T11:25:00.003-07:002011-08-03T11:26:21.715-07:00Understanding ISR<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Very detailed post from 3G and 4G blog.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://3g4g.blogspot.com/2011/08/look-at-idle-state-signalling-reduction.html">http://3g4g.blogspot.com/2011/08/look-at-idle-state-signalling-reduction.html</a><br />
<br />
Link to a old post in this blog.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://wired-n-wireless.blogspot.com/2010/06/idle-mode-signaling-reduction.html">http://wired-n-wireless.blogspot.com/2010/06/idle-mode-signaling-reduction.html</a><br />
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Santosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-21888677132923836632011-08-03T11:10:00.000-07:002011-08-03T11:11:29.659-07:00GTP Version Fallback<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
I had a discussion with my colleagues about GTP fallback mechanisms. While 3G/2G allows GTP fallback from V1 to V0 over Gn interface the same is not true for S11 interface. LTE is designed all the way to speak GTPv2. However if you look at 3GPP TS 29.274 (section 7.10), there is an interesting section pointing to Fallback to GTPv1. Of course, refer to the latest revision of the spec as things have changed from older revisions. <br /><br />A GTPv2 entity may fall back to GTPv1 when the other entity responds to a GTPv2 message with GTPv1 Version Not Supported message. This is a pretty much valid and straight forward case. If a UE is moving from UTRAN/GERAN to LTE using Tracking Area Update, then MME may request for UE context from SGSN over GTPv2 message if S3 interface is configured. But if SGSN doesn’t support S3 interface then it may send GTPv1 Version Not Supported to MME. MME in this case may fall back to GTPv1 and may request the context from SGSN over Gn interface. <br /><br />The second scenario deals with S16 interface, about which I never ever thought of. S16 interface is between 2 SGSNs and is GTPv2 interface. If SGSN deployed is S4 SGSN then the two S4 SGSNs communicate over S16 using GTPv2. As far as I know S16 interface deployment is going to take a lot of time, but it is an interesting case. Now assume that UE is connected via S4 SGSN to a GGSN. Remember that though SGSN supports S4, the current scenario is that the UE is connected to a GGSN over GTPv1 interface. Now the UE moves to a new S4 SGSN using Routing Area Update. The new S4 SGSN may use S16 interface to fetch the UE context from old S4 SGSN. But the old S4 SGSN established the UE context over GTPv1. So the old S4 SGSN may send GTPv1 Version not supported to new S4 SGSN. The new S4 SGSN may now request the UE context over Gn using GTPv1. Thus the fallback to GTPv1. <br />This kind of detail in the specification is amazing and hats off to the GTP authors. <br /></div>
Santosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-71881345153657687432011-07-14T10:30:00.002-07:002011-07-14T10:30:02.986-07:00Simply Brilliant! Vodafone femto hacked!Must read! <br />
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http://thcorg.blogspot.com/2011/07/vodafone-hacked-root-password-published.html Santosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-38824551176551177692011-02-23T06:36:00.003-08:002011-02-23T21:53:14.219-08:00MME Pool – Load Balancing and Re-balancing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Reference - <a href="http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/23_series/23.401/23401-8c0.zip">3GPP TS 23.401 Section 4.3.7</a><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal">
As LTE is planned for larger deployment it is time to look
at the load balancing and redundancy among the various core network nodes. I
would like to present how a MME load balancing and redundancy can be achieved
in this post. I will follow up this post with SGW and PGW pooling. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A MME in the network is identified by MME code and Group id.
Each MME will have a weight factor
configured that is conveyed to eNB during initial S1 setup. An eNB can talk to multiple MMEs in a pool.
Based the weight factor eNB will decide which MME can be loaded with calls to
what level. Assume that an eNB is communicating with 2 MMEs in a pool. MME-1
has weight of 100 and MME-2 has weight of 50. This means eNB, out of 3 UE
attaches, will forward 2 attaches to MME-1 and 1 attach to MME-2. If in case MME-1 is down, then all calls will
be routed to MME-2. This is one way of achieving load balancing and redundancy. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoDIKX-Rb-EQHTbdRoRL67uhygI8Zn4x0vYTvA-Tef-2PmXxsS8rNRLWdkvcR0UMHYwdy5iUd78uh8CIz18VXMQjz48zj_RZTZbgIKwps8a2wCqdd5AUes86k0zVLuMsU13XpdcqhBIDk/s1600/MME_Pool.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoDIKX-Rb-EQHTbdRoRL67uhygI8Zn4x0vYTvA-Tef-2PmXxsS8rNRLWdkvcR0UMHYwdy5iUd78uh8CIz18VXMQjz48zj_RZTZbgIKwps8a2wCqdd5AUes86k0zVLuMsU13XpdcqhBIDk/s320/MME_Pool.jpg" width="311" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
There is another way to achieve load rebalancing. This is
the case when a MME feels overloaded, it can simply move the calls to other MME
in a given pool. Assume above example. MME-1 has been overloaded and cannot
handle any more calls. If MME-1 wants to free up some resources, than it
release the S1 connections of UE towards eNB asking UE to perform a “load
balancing TAU”. This is conveyed to UE by eNB in a RRC message. Once UE gets
this message it shall send a Tracking area update message which is routed to
MME-2 by eNB. This way MME-1 can gracefully move calls to other MME-2. It is assumed that MME-2 and MME-1 are
connected over S10 interface as MME-2 should pull the UE context from MME-1. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If the MME is feeling overloaded, then it may also send
Overload Start message to eNB asking it not to forward any calls to it. If
necessary resources are available then MME may send Overload Stop indicating
that it is ready to accept new calls.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Another way of achieving load balancing is using DNS at eNB.
If UE is NOT connecting for the first time then it will populate GUMMEI to eNB in
one of the RRC messages. Based on the GUMMEI eNB can perform a DNS query to
obtain MME information and forward the UE messages to that particular MME. If the selected MME is not responding then eNB
may forward the call to next available MME in the pool.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I believe this should help operators to plan their network. </div>
</div>Santosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com29tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-69829159661615345892011-01-31T01:28:00.000-08:002011-01-31T01:28:38.197-08:00Busy!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Dear all, I am terribly busy these days and unable to post anything in the blog. I have all your emails with questions in my follow up list. Please bare with me for some more time, I shall get back to you all with my views. <br />
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Cheers, Santosh <br />
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<br /></div>Santosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-2246027556607026782010-12-31T05:54:00.000-08:002010-12-31T05:54:47.818-08:00Wired N Wireless completes 2 yearsWith over 160,000 hits, this blog completes 2 years. Thank you for the support and wish you all a very happy new year.<br />
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Cheers, Santosh <br />
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<br />Santosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-82296958430646407652010-12-14T07:45:00.000-08:002010-12-14T07:45:51.835-08:00Verizon 3G to LTE Handover DelayThis is purely my thought and may not be entirely true. <br />
<br /><a href="http://www.fiercebroadbandwireless.com/story/verizon-lte-modem-users-may-experience-3g-lte-handoff-delay/2010-12-12?utm_medium=nl&utm_source=internal">I read news that users of Verizon network are experiencing a delay of 2 minutes when moving from 3G to LTE network</a>. Users are experiencing this when they are continuously transmitting the data. I also read that in few instances subscribers are forced to unplug their dongles and plug them back to get LTE access. I was wondering what could be the reasons and below is what I think!<br /><br />Frist Reason:-<br /><br />Verizon network is CDMA based. LTE is GSM based. Since both technologies are entirely different it gives an impression that handovers are not going to be smooth. However 3GPP specs does provide solutions for smooth handovers. So why the delay? The places where LTE is deployed would have had 3G coverage. When a 3G network detects that UE is receiving stronger 4G signal it has to handover the UE to 4G network. But not complete 3G network would have been converged to 4G, so in few cases the 3G network would simply ignore 4G networks presence and make the UE to hook on to it. In this case users should stop transmitting data for a while so the UE may go into idle mode. Once UE is in idle mode and if it wants to send some data, it will perform cell re-selection and choose LTE network instead of 3G thus bringing subscribers back to LTE. This could be one reason why few subscribers had to plug out their dongles and place them back to get 4G access.<br />
<br />Second Reason:-<br /><br />Next, assume that 3G network is converged to 4G. In this case moving from 3G to 4G should be smooth. But if the network elements are far away then the delay in the core network might result in higher handover time. However movement from 4G to 3G should be smooth, because where there is 4G network, 3G network would have been present and 4G network would have had complete information about it. <br />
<br />The fixes could go in several places. But I am assuming that first reason is what bothering the most and network should be fixed soon. Those who are interested to know more can refer to <a href="http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/23402.htm">3GPP Spec 23.402</a> for detailed call flows.Santosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1329449351744515518.post-74907902713782789462010-12-01T20:05:00.000-08:002010-12-01T20:05:21.788-08:00Vodafone launches LTE in GermanyOn Dec 1st 2010 Vodafone D2 in Germany has gone live their LTE network. The porject was towards offering high speed boradband in rural areas of Germany. Hope fully everything is going smooth for them.<br />
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<a href="http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=5474703">Link here</a><br />
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Is anyone experiencing the LTE network in Germany? How is it working? Any comments.<br />
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<br />Santosh Dornalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08888256274707899999noreply@blogger.com3